ANSWERs for figure it out Class 8 Mathematics – NCERT (Ganita Prakash) Part 2 CH7  AREA CLASS 8 

Figure it Out Page number 150

1. Identify the missing side lengths

(i) 

(i) Given:

• Area = 21 in²

• One side = 7 in

Answer: Missing side = 3 in

(ii) Given:

• Area = 28 in²

• One side = 7 in 

Answer: Missing side = 4 in

(iii) Given:

• Area = 35 in²

• One side = 7 in

Answer: Missing side = 5 in

(iv) Given

• Area = 14 in²

• • One side = 7 in (same vertical strip)

Answer: Missing side = 2 in

(ii) (a) Given:

• Area = 29 m²

• One side = 4 m

Answer: Missing side = 7.25 m

(b) Given:

• Area = 11 m² & Height =4m

• One side = ?

(c) Given:

Area = 50 m²
one side = ?
The total area of the shape is given as 50m²

   Area(c)=Total Area−(Area(a)+Area(b))

   Area (c)=50m² − ( 29m² + 11m² )  

• Width = same as 29 m² rectangle = 7.25 m

• Area = 10 m²

​

2. The figure shows a path (the shaded portion) laid around a rectangular park EFGH. (i) What measurements do you need to find the area of the path? Once you identify the lengths to be measured, assign possible values of your choice to these measurements and find the area of the path. Give a formula for the area. An example of a formula — Area of a rectangle = length × width. [Hint: There is a relation between the areas of EFGH, the path, and ABCD.]

Path around a rectangular park

A rectangular park EFGH is surrounded by a path (shaded region).

(i) Measurements needed to find the area of the path

To find the area of the path, we need:

• Length of the outer rectangle (ABCD)

• Breadth of the outer rectangle

• Length of the inner rectangle (EFGH)

• Breadth of the inner rectangle

Let:

• Outer rectangle = 20 m × 14 m

• Inner park = 16 m × 10 m

​

(ii) If the width of the path along each side is given, can you find 

its area? If not, what other measurements do you need? Assign 

values of your choice to these measurements and find the area of 

the path. Give a formula for the area using these measurements. 

[Hint: Break the path into rectangles.]

(ii) If width of path is given

Suppose:

• Width of path = x m

• Inner park dimensions = l × b

Then:

• Outer length = l+2x

• Outer breadth = b+2x

(iii) Does the area of the path change when the outer rectangle is moved while keeping the inner rectangular park EFGH inside it, as shown?

Answer: ❌ No

Reason:
Area depends only on dimensions, not on position.
As long as the inner park and width of the path remain the same, area remains unchanged.

3. The figure shows a plot with sides 14m and 12m, and with a crosspath. What other measurements do you need to find the area of the crosspath? Once you identify the lengths to be measured, assign some possible values of your choice and find the area of the path. Give a formula for the area based on the measurements you choose.

Cross path in a rectangular plot
Plot dimensions = 14 m × 12 m
To find the area of the cross path, we need:
Width of the horizontal path
Width of the vertical path

Let:

Width of each path = 2 m

Area of horizontal path:

Area of vertical path:

Overlapping square counted twice:

If width of each path = w:

4. Find the area of the spiral tube shown in the figure. The tube has the same width throughout [Hint: There are different ways of finding the area. Here is one method.] What should be the length of the straight tube if it is to have the same area as the bent tube on the left?

Area of spiral tube

The tube has uniform width.

Break the spiral into rectangular strips of width 5 units.

Add the areas of all straight rectangular parts.

Length of straight tube

To have the same area:

The total length ( L ) of the spiral tube is the sum of the lengths of all its straight segments. 

  L=20+20+15+15+10+10+5+5 = 100 units

The tube has a uniform width of 1 unit The area can be found by multiplying the total length by the width.   

A = L x W

A =  100 x 1 = 100

The area of the spiral tube is 100 Sq.units

The area of the bent tube is calculated above as 100 square units. The width of the straight tube is also 1 unit.A = L x W

100 =  L x 1 

L= 100

The length of the straight tube should be 100 units

​

5. In this figure, if the sidelength of the square is doubled, what is the increase in the areas of the regions 1, 2 and 3? Give reasons.

Doubling the side of a square

If original side = s
New side = 2s

Areas

• Original area = s²

• New area = (2s)² = 4s²

• Increase in regions 1, 2, and 3

The increase in the total Area is A2-A1 =  4s² - s² = 3s²

Each region’s area becomes 3 times its original area.

Reason:
Area is proportional to the square of the side.

 The total area increases by a factor of 4.
Therefore, the area of each region (1, 2, and 3) will also increase by a factor of 4, or increase by three times their original area.

6. Divide a square into 4 parts by drawing two perpendicular lines inside the square as shown in the figure. Rearrange the pieces to get a larger square, with a hole inside. You can try this activity by constructing the square using cardboard, thick chart paper, or similar materials.

Rearranging square pieces

• Square divided into 4 equal parts.

• Rearranged to form a larger square with a hole.

• Draw two perpendicular lines inside a square as shown in the figure. This divides the square into four parts, which are all right-angled trapezoids.

• To form a larger square with a hole in the center, you can arrange the four trapezoidal pieces around a central square hole. Orient the pieces so that the shorter parallel side of each trapezoid faces inwards towards the hole, and the longer parallel side faces outwards. The perpendicular sides of adjacent trapezoids will align to form the sides of the larger square.The area of the larger square minus the hole is equal to the area of the original square.Area depends on the surface covered, not on the shape or arrangement.

Answer:

The four right-angled trapezoidal pieces can be rearranged to form a larger square with a square hole in the center. The area of the central hole will be equal to the area of the smallest right-angled triangle that can be formed by rearranging the pieces.

• Conclusion:

✔️ Area remains the same

✔️ Shape changes, area does not

Figure it Out Page number 157-158

1. Find the areas of the following triangles:

(i) From the figure:

• Base  cm

• Height  cm (perpendicular from A to BC)

Area of triangle (i) = 6 cm²

(ii) From the figure:

• Side  cm (taken as base)

• Perpendicular distance from  to  cm (height)

Area of triangle (ii) = 8 cm²

(iii) This is a right-angled triangle at A.

From the figure:

• Base   cm

• Height  cm

Area of triangle (iii) = 6 cm²

2. Find the length of the altitude BY

Given from the figure

•  units

•  units (altitude corresponding to base )

•  units

• • Base  units

  • Height  units

• Base  units

• Corresponding altitude
  

Since the area is already known to be 12 square units:

3. Find the area of ∆SUB, given that it is isosceles, SE is perpendicular to UB, and the area of ∆SEB is 24 sq. units.

Given

•  is isosceles

• 
  

• Area of  sq. units

In an isosceles triangle:

• The perpendicular drawn from the vertex to the base is also the median.

• Therefore, point E is the midpoint of UB.

• Hence,

So, the two triangles:

are congruent right-angled triangles.

Since the two triangles are congruent:

The whole triangle △SUB is made up of these two equal triangles.

Given:

Answer

In the Śulba-Sūtras, which are ancient Indian geometric texts that deal with the construction of altars, we can find many interesting problems on the topic of areas. When altars are built, they must have the exact prescribed shape and area. This gives rise to problems of the kind where one has to transform a given shape into another of the same area. The Śulba-Sūtras give solutions to many such problems. Such problems are also posed and solved in Euclid’s Elements. Here are two problems of this kind.

4. [Śulba-Sūtras] Give a method to transform a rectangle into a triangle of equal area. 

Method

• Take the given rectangle.

• Draw a diagonal of the rectangle.

• The diagonal divides the rectangle into two congruent triangles.

Explanation

Each triangle has half the area of the rectangle.
So, one of the triangles obtained has an area equal to half the rectangle.

Thus, a triangle of equal area is obtained.

A triangle with the same base as the rectangle and twice its height.

Explanation:

The area of a rectangle is:

The area of a triangle is:

To get the same area with the same base, the triangle’s height must be double the rectangle’s height:

 Hence, the triangle has equal area.

5. [Śulba-Sūtras] Give a method to transform a triangle into a rectangle of equal area. 

Method

• Take the given triangle.

• Draw a line through the vertex parallel to the base to form a second, congruent triangle.

• Join the two congruent triangles to form a rectangle.

Explanation

The rectangle formed has:

• The same base

• Twice the height,
  so its area equals the area of the original triangle.

Thus, a rectangle of equal area is obtained.

A rectangle with the same base as the triangle and half its height.

Explanation:

The area of a triangle is:

The area of a rectangle is:

To get the same area with the same base, the rectangle’s height must be half the triangle’s height:

 Hence, the rectangle has equal area.

6. ABCD, BCEF, and BFGH are identical squares. 

(i) If the area of the red region is 49 sq. units, then what is the area of the blue region? 

(ii) In another version of this figure, if the total area enclosed by the blue and red regions is 180 sq. units, then what is the area of each square?

Let the side of each square = s units.

(i) If the area of the red region is 49 sq. units, find the area of the blue region

Step 1: Area of the red region

The red region is a triangle .

• Base
  

• Height
  

Given:

Step 2: Area of the blue region

The blue region is also a triangle .

• Base
  

• Height
  

Step 3: Compare areas

Both the red and blue regions have area .

Answer (i)

(ii) If the total area of the red and blue regions is 180 sq. units, find the area of each square

Step 1: Total area of red and blue regions

Step 2: Use the given total area

Given:

Step 3: Area of each square

The area of each square is:

Final Answers

• (i) Area of the blue region = 49 sq. units

• (ii) Area of each square = 180 sq. units

7. If M and N are the midpoints of XY and XZ, what fraction of the area of ∆XYZ is the area of ∆XMN? [Hint: Join NY]

7. Area fraction

Given:

•  is the midpoint of
  

•  is the midpoint of
  

•  is the given triangle

We are asked to find what fraction of the area of  is the area of .

Step 1: Join NY

Since  is the midpoint of , the line  is a median of .

A median divides a triangle into two triangles of equal area.

Step 2: Use the midpoint  in

In ,  is the midpoint of
So,  is a median of

A median again divides a triangle into two equal-area triangles.

Step 3: Substitute from Step 1

Answer

📌 Key idea to remember

Each median divides a triangle into two equal-area triangles.
Using two medians successively divides the area into four equal parts.

8. Gopal needs to carry water from the river to his water tank. He starts from his house. What is the shortest path he can take from his house to the river and then to the water tank? Roughly recreate the map in your notebook and trace the shortest path.

Gopal has to go from his house to the river and then from the river to the water tank. We must find the shortest possible path.

Explanation

The shortest distance between two points is a straight line.
But here, Gopal must touch the river line in between.

To find the shortest path, we use the reflection method.

1. Draw the river as two parallel horizontal lines and label it River.

2. Mark a point below the river and label it House.

3. Mark another point below the river (but on the other side) and label it Water Tank.

4. Reflect the Water Tank across the river line to get T′ (reflected tank) above the river.

5. Join House to T′ with a straight line.

6. Mark the point where this line meets the river as Touch point.

7. Join the Touch point to the Water Tank.

 Explanation

The shortest path is obtained by reflecting the water tank across the river and drawing a straight line from the house to the reflected point.
The point where this line meets the river gives the shortest route:

House → River → Water Tank.

📌 Key idea to remember

Reflection helps convert a broken path into a straight line, which gives the shortest distance.

Shortest version of Answer:

 The shortest path is a straight line from the house to the river, and then another straight line from that point on the river to the water tank.

To find this path, one can use a geometric principle: The shortest distance between two points is a straight line. The path consists of two straight-line segments.

The shortest path is found using reflection.

Reflect the water tank across the river and join the house to this reflected point by a straight line.

The point where this line meets the river gives the shortest path: House → River → Water Tank.

Figure it Out page number 160

 1. Find the area of the quadrilateral ABCD given that AC = 22 cm, BM = 3 cm, DN = 3 cm, BM is perpendicular to AC, and DN is perpendicular to AC

Given:
 cm,  cm,  cm
 and

Explanation:

Draw diagonal .
The quadrilateral  is divided into two triangles:  and , both having the same base .

Area of :

Area of :

Total Area of quadrilateral :

Answer: The area of quadrilateral ABCD is 66 cm².

2. Find the area of the shaded region given that ABCD is a rectangle

Given:

ABCD is a rectangle.

Step 1: Area of the rectangle
Length  cm
Breadth  cm

Step 2: Areas of the unshaded triangles

• :

• :

• :

Total unshaded area:

Step 3: Area of the shaded region

3. What measurements would you need to find the area of a regular hexagon?

Answer:

The length of one side is sufficient.

Explanation:
A regular hexagon has six equal sides. If the side length is s, its area is:

(Alternatively, the apothem can also be used, but side length is enough.)

What is an apothem?

Apothem is the perpendicular distance from the centre of a regular polygon to the midpoint of any side.

👉 In simple words:
It is the shortest distance from the centre to a side, not to a corner.

Why is apothem mentioned for a regular hexagon?

For a regular hexagon:

• All sides are equal

• The centre is exactly in the middle

• The apothem helps find the area using another formula

Area formula using apothem

So what does the sentence mean?

“Alternatively, the apothem can also be used, but side length is enough.”

It means:

• You can find the area using only the side length (simpler method), or

• You can also find it using the apothem and perimeter

For exams, side length alone is usually sufficient and easier, so apothem is optional.

        ●

       / \

      /   \

     /     \

    ●-------●

    |   ⟂   |

    |   a   |   a = apothem

    |       |

    ●-------●

     \     /

      \   /

       \ /

        ●

Labels to remember

• ● = vertices of the regular hexagon

• Centre = point where the ⟂ (right angle) meets

• a (apothem) = perpendicular distance from centre to the midpoint of a side

Memory tip 

Apothem = centre → side (perpendicular)

4. What fraction of the total area of the rectangle is the area of the blue region?

Explanation:

The rectangle is divided into two coloured regions: blue and white.
Each region is made up of two triangles.

The two blue triangles together form one large triangle, and the two white triangles together form another triangle.

Both triangles have:

• the same base (a side of the rectangle)

• the same height (the other side of the rectangle)

Since the area of a triangle is

both combined regions have equal area.

Answer:

​

The blue region occupies half of the rectangle’s area.

5. Give a method to obtain a quadrilateral whose area is half that of a given quadrilateral. One can derive special formulae to find the areas of a parallelogram, rhombus and trapezium.

Answer: 

Draw one of the diagonals of the given quadrilateral.

A diagonal divides any quadrilateral into two triangles. The area of each triangle is not necessarily half the area of the quadrilateral unless the diagonal bisects the other diagonal. However, a different method is to join the midpoints of two adjacent sides of the quadrilateral to one of the opposite vertices.

Alternatively, a more general method involves finding the midpoint of any two adjacent sides of the given quadrilateral and connecting them to form a smaller triangle. The area of this triangle will be a specific fraction of the total area, but the most direct method to get a new quadrilateral with half the area is to use a diagonal.

A simpler, more general method that creates a new quadrilateral is to connect the midpoints of the four sides of the original quadrilateral. The resulting inner quadrilateral (a parallelogram) will have exactly half the area of the original quadrilateral.

Explanation:

Join the midpoints of all four sides of the given quadrilateral.

The figure formed inside is a parallelogram.
This inner parallelogram always has exactly half the area of the original quadrilateral (this is a known geometric result).

Answer:

To get a quadrilateral of half the area, join the midpoints of the four sides of the given quadrilateral.
The inner quadrilateral formed has half the area of the original one.

Figure it Out Page number 162 - 163

1. Observe the parallelograms in the figure below. 

(i) What can we say about the areas of all these parallelograms?

 (ii) What can we say about their perimeters? Which figure appears to have the maximum perimeter, and which has the minimum perimeter?

2. Find the areas of the following parallelograms:

3. Find QN.

 4. Consider a rectangle and a parallelogram of the same sidelengths: 5 cm and 4 cm. Which has the greater area? [Hint: Imagine constructing them on the same base.]

5. Give a method to obtain a rectangle whose area is twice that of a given triangle. What are the different methods that you can think of?

6. [Śulba-Sūtras] Give a method to obtain a rectangle of the same area as a given triangle.

 7. [Śulba-Sūtras] An isosceles triangle can be converted into a rectangle by dissection in a simpler way. Can you find out how to do it? 
[Hint: Show that triangles ∆ADB and ∆ADC can be made into halves of a rectangle. Figure out how they should be assembled to get a rectangle. Use cut-outs if necessary.]

8. [Śulba-Sūtras] Give a method to convert a rectangle into an isosceles triangle by dissection. 

9. Which has greater area — an equilateral triangle or a square of the same sidelength as the triangle? Which has greater area — two identical equilateral triangles together or a square of the same sidelength as the triangle? Give reasons.

Figure it Out Page number 169-170

 1. Find the area of a rhombus whose diagonals are 20 cm and 15 cm. 

2. Give a method to convert a rectangle into a rhombus of equal area using dissection. 

 3. Find the areas of the following figures:

4. [Śulba-Sūtras] Give a method to convert an isosceles trapezium to a rectangle using dissection.

 5. Here is one of the ways to convert trapezium ABCD into a rectangle EFGH of equal area —

Given the trapezium ABCD, how do we find the vertices of the rectangle EFGH? [Hint: If ∆AHI ≅ ∆DGI and ∆BEJ ≅ ∆CFJ, then the trapezium and rectangle have equal areas.]

6. Using the idea of converting a trapezium into a rectangle of equal area, and vice versa, construct a trapezium of area 144 cm2.





7. A regular hexagon is divided into a trapezium, an equilateral triangle, and a rhombus, as shown. Find the ratio of their areas.

8. ZYXW is a trapezium with ZY‖WX. A is the midpoint of XY. Show that the area of the trapezium ZYXW is equal to the area of ∆ZWB.

Areas in Real Life

What do you think is the area of an A4 sheet? Its sidelengths are 21 cm and 29.7 cm. Now find its area

What do you think is the area of the tabletop that you use at school or at home? You could perhaps try to visualise how many A4 sheets can fit on your table. The dimensions of furniture like tables and chairs are sometimes measured in inches (in) and feet (ft). 1 in = 2.54 cm 1 ft = 12 in

Express the following lengths in centimeters: (i) 5 in (ii) 7.4 in

Express the following lengths in inches: (i) 5.08 cm (ii) 11.43 cm

How many cm² is 1 in² ? So, 1 in² = 2.54² cm² = 6.4516 cm²

How many cm² is 10 in² ? 10 in² = 10 × 6.4516 cm² = 64.516 cm².

How many cm² is 10 in² ? 10 in² = 10 × 6.4516 cm² = 64.516 cm².

Convert 161.29 cm² to in². Every 6.4516 cm² gives an in². Hence, 161.29 cm² = 161.29 /6.4516 in² Evaluate the quotient.

What do you think is the area of your classroom? Areas of classroom, house, etc., are generally measured in ft² or m²

How many in² is 1 ft² ?

What do you think is the area of your school? Make an estimate and compare it with the actual data. Larger areas of land are also measured in acres. 1 acre = 43,560 ft2. Besides these units, different parts of India use different local units for measuring area, such as bigha, gaj, katha, dhur, cent, ankanam, etc. 

Find out the local unit of area measurement in your region.

What do you think is the area of your village/town/city? Make an estimate and compare it with the actual data. Larger areas are measured in km².

How many m² is a km²  ?

How many times is your village/town/city bigger than your school?

Find the city with the largest area in (i) India, and (ii) the world

Find the city with the smallest area in (i) India, and (ii) the world

ANSWERs for figure it out Class 8 Mathematics – NCERT (Ganita Prakash) Part 2 Chapter 3: PROPORTIONAL REASONING–2

 ANSWERs for figure it out Class 8 Mathematics – NCERT (Ganita Prakash) Part 2  

Chapter 3: PROPORTIONAL REASONING–2 

Example 1: 

To make a special shade of purple, paint must be mixed in the ratio, Red : Blue : White :: 2 : 3 : 5. If Yasmin has 10 litres of white paint, how many litres of red and blue paint should she add to get the same shade of purple? 

In the ratio 2 : 3 : 5, the white paint corresponds to 5 parts. If 5 parts is 10 litres, 1 part is 10 ÷ 5 = 2 litres. Red = 2 parts = 2 × 2 = 4 litres. 

Blue = 3 parts = 3 × 2 = 6 litres. 

So, the purple paint will have 4 litres of red, 6 litres of blue, and 10 litres of white paint. 

What is the total volume of this purple paint?

 The total volume of purple paint is 4 + 6 + 10 = 20 litres.

Example 2: 

Cement concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, and gravel, and is widely used in construction. The ratio of the components in the mixture varies depending on how strong the structure needs to be. For structures that need greater strength like pillars, beams, and roofs, the ratio is 1 : 1.5 : 3, and the construction is also reinforced with steel rods. Using this ratio, if we have 3 bags of cement, how many bags of concrete mixture can we make? 

The concrete mixture is in the ratio Bags of cement : bags of sand : bags of gravel :: 1 : 1.5 : 3. 

If we have 3 bags of cement, we have to multiply the other terms by 3. 

So, the ratio is cement : sand : gravel :: 3 : 4.5 : 9. 

In total, we have 3 + 4.5 + 9 = 16.5 bags of concrete

Example 3: For some construction, 110 units of concrete are needed. How many units of cement, sand, and gravel are needed if these are to be mixed in the ratio 1 : 1.5 : 3? 

For 1 unit of cement, 

1+1.5 + 3 =5.5

110 ÷ 5.5 = 20

20. 1 × 20 = 20 units of cement, 

1.5 × 20 = 30 units of sand, 

and 3 × 20 = 60 units of gravel.

Example 4: You get a particular shade of purple paint by mixing red, blue, and white paint in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. If you need 50 ml of purple paint, how many ml of red, blue, and white paint will you mix together? 

Example 5: Construct a triangle with angles in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5.

 The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°. 

So the angles are 

Figure it Out Page number 60

1. A cricket coach schedules practice sessions that include different activities in a specific ratio — time for warm-up/cool-down : time for batting : time for bowling : time for fielding :: 3 : 4 : 3 : 5. If each session is 150 minutes long, how much time is spent on each activity?

Given: Ratio of time = 3 : 4 : 3 : 5, Total time = 150 minutes

Step 1: Add ratio terms 3 + 4 + 3 + 5 = 15

Step 2: Find value of 1 part 150 ÷ 15 = 10 minutes

Step 3: Calculate time for each activity

• Warm-up/Cool-down = 3 × 10 = 30 minutes

• Batting = 4 × 10 = 40 minutes

• Bowling = 3 × 10 = 30 minutes

• Fielding = 5 × 10 = 50 minutes

2. A school library has books in different languages in the following ratio — no. of Odiya books : no. of Hindi books : no. of English books :: 3 : 2 : 1. If the library has 288 Odiya books, how many Hindi and English books does it have?

Given: Odiya : Hindi : English = 3 : 2 : 1, Odiya books = 288

Step 1: Value of 1 part 288 ÷ 3 = 96

Step 2: Find other quantities

• Hindi books = 2 × 96 = 192

• English books = 1 × 96 = 96

3. I have 100 coins in the ratio — no. of ₹10 coins : no. of ₹5 coins : no. of ₹2 coins : no. of ₹1 coins :: 4 : 3 : 2 : 1. How much money do I have in coins?

Given: Coin ratio = 4 : 3 : 2 : 1, Total coins = 100

Step 1: Sum of ratio = 10

Step 2: Value of 1 part 100 ÷ 10 = 10

Step 3: Number and value of coins

• ₹10 coins = 40 → ₹400

• ₹5 coins = 30 → ₹150

• ₹2 coins = 20 → ₹40

• ₹1 coins = 10 → ₹10

Total money = ₹600

 4. Construct a triangle with sidelengths in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. Will all the triangles drawn with this ratio of sidelengths be congruent to each other? Why or why not? 

Triangle with sides 3 : 4 : 5

Answer: Yes, such a triangle can be constructed.

Explanation: 3 + 4 > 5, 4 + 5 > 3, 3 + 5 > 4

All triangle inequalities are satisfied.

Congruency: All such triangles are not congruent, but similar, because actual side lengths may differ.

 5. Can you construct a triangle with sidelengths in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5? Why or why not?

Triangle with sides 1 : 3 : 5

Answer: Cannot be constructed.

Reason: 1 + 3 = 4 < 5

This violates the triangle inequality rule.

Figure it Out Page number 62

1. A group of 360 people were asked to vote for their favourite season from the three seasons — rainy, winter and summer. 90 liked the summer season, 120 liked the rainy season, and the rest liked the winter. Draw a pie chart to show this information. 

Given

Total number of people = 360
Summer = 90
Rainy = 120
Winter = 360 − (90 + 120) = 150
Total angle of a circle = 360°
$$\text{Angle} = \frac{\text{Number of people}}{\text{Total people}} \times 360^\circ$$
Summer
$$\frac{90}{360} \times 360^\circ = 90^\circ$$
Rainy
$$\frac{120}{360} \times 360^\circ = 120^\circ$$
Winter
$$\frac{150}{360} \times 360^\circ = 150^\circ$$

• Draw a circle with centre O.
• Draw a radius OA.
• Using a protractor:
• Measure 90° from OA and draw radius OB → Summer
• From OB, measure 120° and draw radius OC → Rainy
• The remaining sector (150°) represents Winter
• Summer → 90 people → 90°
• Rainy → 120 people → 120°
• Winter → 150 people → 150°
• Label each sector clearly.

• Shade or colour each sector differently.

Season	Number of People
Summer	90
Rainy	120
Winter	150
Total	360

2. Draw a pie chart based on the following information about viewers᾿ favourite type of TV channel: Entertainment — 50%, Sports — 25%, News — 15%, Information — 10%.  

3. Prepare a pie chart that shows the favourite subjects of the students in your class. You can collect the data of the number of students for Proportional Reasoning–2 each subject shown in the table (each student should choose only one subject). Then write these numbers in the table and construct a pie chart:

Subject	Number of Students
Mathematics	10
Science	8
Social Science	6
Language                     Arts                                3	3
Physical Education	5
Vocational Education	5
Total	40

$$\text{Angle} = \frac{\text{Number of students}}{40} \times 360^\circ$$

• Mathematics

$$\frac{10}{40} \times 360^\circ = 90^\circ$$

• Science

$$\frac{8}{40} \times 360^\circ = 72^\circ$$

• Social Science

$$\frac{6}{40} \times 360^\circ = 54^\circ$$

• Language Arts 

340×360∘=27∘\frac{3}{40} \times 360^\circ = 27^\circ

• Arts Education   

340×360∘=27∘\frac{3}{40} \times 360^\circ = 27^\circ

• Physical Education

$$\frac{5}{40} \times 360^\circ = 45^\circ$$

• Vocational Education : $$\frac{5}{40} \times 360^\circ = 45^\circ$$ $$90^\circ + 72^\circ + 54^\circ + 54^\circ + 45^\circ + 45^\circ = 360^\circ$$

Pie Chart Construction

1. Draw a circle with centre O.

2. Draw a radius OA.

3. Using a protractor, draw sectors with angles:

   • Mathematics – 90°

   • Science – 72°

   • Social Science – 54°

   • Language   27°

   • Arts – 27°

   • Physical Education – 45°

   • Vocational Education – 45°

4. Label each sector and colour them neatly.

Figure it Out page number 64

1. Which of these are in inverse proportion?

x	40	80	25	16
y	20	10	32	50

• $40\times 20=800$

• $80\times 10=800$

• $25\times 32=800$

• $16\times 50=800$

 All products are equal.

(i) is in inverse proportion

x	40	80	25	16
y	20	10	12.5	8

• $40\times 20=800$

• $80\times 10=800$

• $25\times 12.5=312.5$

• $16\times 8=128$

 Products are not equal.

(ii) is NOT in inverse proportion

x	30	90	150	10
y	15	5	3	45

• $30\times 15=450$

• $90\times 5=450$

• $150\times 3=450$

• $10\times 45=450$

 All products are equal.

(iii) is in inverse proportion

(i) and (iii) are in inverse proportion.

2. Fill in the empty cells if x and y are in inverse proportion

$$x\times y=16\times 9=144$$

• When $x = 12$:

  $$y = \frac{144}{12} = 12$$

• When $y = 48$:

  $$x = \frac{144}{48} = 3$$

• When $x = 36$:

  $$y = \frac{144}{36} = 4$$

Figure it Out Page number 67-68

1. Which of the following pairs of quantities are in inverse proportion? 

(i) The number of taps filling a water tank and the time taken to fill it. 

(ii) The number of painters hired and the days needed to paint a wall of fixed size. 

(iii) The distance a car can travel and the amount of petrol in the tank. 

(iv) The speed of a cyclist and the time taken to cover a fixed route. 

(v) The length of cloth bought and the price paid at a fixed rate per metre. 

(vi) The number of pages in a book and the time required to read it at a fixed reading speed.

(i) Number of taps & time to fill a tank

✔ More taps → less time
Inverse proportion

(ii) Number of painters & days to paint a wall

✔ More painters → fewer days
Inverse proportion

(iii) Distance travelled & amount of petrol

 More petrol → more distance (both increase)

Not inverse (this is direct proportion)

(iv) Speed of cyclist & time for fixed distance

✔ More speed → less time
Inverse proportion

(v) Length of cloth & price (fixed rate)

 More cloth → more price
Not inverse (direct proportion)

(vi) Number of pages & time to read

 More pages → more time
Not inverse

Answer (Q1):(i), (ii), and (iv)

 2. If 24 pencils cost ₹120, how much will 20 such pencils cost? 

Cost ∝ number of pencils (direct proportion)

Cost of 1 pencil =

$$120÷24=5$$

Cost of 20 pencils =

$$20\times 5=\text{₹}100$$

Answer: ₹100

3. A tank on a building has enough water to supply 20 families living there for 6 days. If 10 more families move in there, how long will the water last? What assumptions do you need to make to work out this problem? 

20 families → 6 days
Total water = $20 × 6 = 120$ family-days

New families = $20 + 10 = 30$

Days water will last =

$$120 ÷ 30 = 4 \text{ days}$$

Assumptions:

• Each family uses the same amount of water per day

• No water is wasted or added

Answer: 4 days

4. Fill in the average number of hours each living being sleeps in a day by looking at the charts. Select the appropriate hours from this list : 15, 2.5, 20, 8, 3.5, 13, 10.5, 18

Using the given list: 15, 2.5, 20, 8, 3.5, 13, 10.5, 18

Typical matches:

Living Being (Image)	Average Sleeping Hours (per day)	Reason / Explanation
Human	8 hours	Normal adult sleep
Dog	10.5 hours	Dogs sleep long hours
Cat	13 hours	Cats sleep most of the day
Bat	20 hours	Nocturnal animal
Elephant	3.5 hours	Sleeps very little
Giraffe	2.5 hours	Light sleeper, short naps
Snake	18 hours	Cold-blooded, inactive most of the time
Squirrel	15 hours	Moderate sleeper

5. The pie chart on the right shows the result of a survey carried out to find the modes of transport used by children to go to school. Study the pie chart and answer the following questions

(i) What is the most common mode of transport?

 (ii) What fraction of children travel by car? 

(iii) If 18 children travel by car, how many children took part in the survey? How many children use taxis to travel to school?

 (iv) By which two modes of transport are equal numbers of children travelling? 

Given angles in the pie chart

• Bus = 120°
• Walk = 90°
• Cycle = 60°
• Two-wheeler = 60°
• Car = 30°
• (Total = 360°)

(i) What is the most common mode of transport?

The most common mode is the one with the largest angle.
Largest angle = 120° (Bus)
Answer: Bus

(ii) What fraction of children travel by car?

Fraction of children travelling by car

$$= \frac{\text{Angle for car}}{\text{Total angle}} = \frac{30^\circ}{360^\circ} = \frac{1}{12}$$

Answer: $\boxed{\tfrac{1}{12}}$

(iii) If 18 children travel by car, how many children took part in the survey?How many children use taxis (two-wheelers)?

Since car = $\frac{1}{12}$ of total children:

Total children

$$= 18 \times 12 = 216$$

Now, two-wheeler angle = 60°

Fraction for two-wheelers:

$$\frac{60}{360} = \frac{1}{6}$$

Children using two-wheelers:

$$\frac{1}{6} \times 216 = 36$$

Answers:

• Total children in survey = 216

• Children using two-wheelers = 36

(iv) By which two modes of transport are equal numbers of children travelling?

Equal numbers correspond to equal angles.

Cycle = 60°

Two-wheeler = 60°

Answer: Cycle and Two-wheeler

Question	Answer
(i)	Bus
(ii)	$\frac{1}{12}$
(iii)	Total = 216, Two-wheelers = 36
(iv)	Cycle and Two-wheeler

6. Three workers can paint a fence in 4 days. If one more worker joins the team, how many days will it take them to finish the work? What are the assumptions you need to make?

3 workers → 4 days

Total work = $3\times 4=12$ worker-days

New workers = 4

Days needed = $$12÷4=3\text{ days}$$

Assumptions:

• All workers work at the same speed

• Same working hours each day

Answer: 3 days

7. It takes 6 hours to fill 2 tanks of the same size with a pump. How long will it take to fill 5 such tanks with the same pump? 

2 tanks → 6 hours

1 tank → 3 hours

5 tanks → $$5\times 3=15\text{ hours}$$

 Answer: 15 hours

8. A given set of chairs are arranged in 25 rows, with 12 chairs in each row. If the chairs are rearranged with 20 chairs in each row, how many rows does this new arrangement have? 

Initial chair = 25×12=300

New rows = $$300÷20=15$$

Answer: 15 rows

9. A school has 8 periods a day, each of 45 minutes duration. How long is each period, if the school has 9 periods a day, assuming that the number of school hours per day stays the same? 

Original time = $$8\times 45=360\text{ minutes}$$

New period duration = $$360÷9=40\text{ minutes}$$

Answer: 40 minutes

10. A small pump can fill a tank in 3 hours, while a large pump can fill the same tank in 2 hours. If both pumps are used together, how long will the tank take to fill? 

Small pump: 3 hrs → rate = $\frac{1}{3}$ tank/hr

Large pump: 2 hrs → rate = $\frac{1}{2}$ tank/hr

Combined rate = $$\frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{2} = \frac{5}{6}$$

Time =$$1 ÷ \frac{5}{6} = \frac{6}{5} = 1.2 \text{ hours}$$

= 1 hour 12 minutes

Answer: 1 hour 12 minutes

11. A factory requires 42 machines to produce a given number of toys in 63 days. How many machines are required to produce the same number of toys in 54 days? 

42 machines → 63 days

Work = $42\times 63$

Required machines for 54 days:

$$\frac{42 × 63}{54} = 49$$

Answer: 49 machines

12. A car takes 2 hours to reach a destination, travelling at a speed of 60 km/h. How long will the car take if it travels at a speed of 80 km/h?

Distance = $$60\times 2=120\text{ km}$$

New time = $$120÷80=1.5\text{ hours =}$$ 1 hour 30 minutes

Answer: 1.5 hours